Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral condition with behavioural symptoms such as attention difficulties, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. ADHD is a disorder that generally affects pre-schoolers and children, but it can continue through adolescence and adulthood. Children with ADHD may struggle with academics and develop low self-esteem. They may even find difficulties in focusing, prioritizing, and multitasking. Adults with ADHD may have trouble with relationships, time management and experience frustration. They may even become disruptive and disorganized.

Causes of ADHD

Scientists have found that genetics is one of the major reasons for ADHD. Several other factors may contribute to the development of ADHD, including brain injuries, exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., high levels of lead) during pregnancy or at a young age, extreme stress, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, or drug use during pregnancy. Premature delivery and low birth weight are also the causes of ADHD.

Symptoms of ADHD

The symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be categorized into two types of behavioural problems: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.

Fidgeting when seated.

Interruptive in class

Getting up and moving around in situations when staying seated is expected, such as in the classroom or the office

Running or dashing around in situations where it is inappropriate

Talking nonstop

Interrupting or intruding on others, for example, in conversations, games, or activities

Easily distracted

Forgetful about daily activities

Trouble focusing

Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

Highly disorganized

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Treatments of ADHD

There is no cure for ADHD however the symptoms can be improved. Behaviour therapy, educational programs, and medication are widely used to treat ADHD. The most commonly used ADHD medications are stimulant drugs which increase the brain chemical dopamine, which plays an essential role in thinking and attention. Non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine and guanfacine are also used to treat ADHD. Non-stimulants take longer than stimulants to improve attention and impulsivity in a person. Children with ADHD are often treated with educational and training programs, which include behaviour and stress management techniques, as children with ADHD often show behaviour that may be inappropriate or disruptive, making it hard for them to maintain relationships with peers or family members. Behaviour therapy helps them in managing and strengthening their behaviours. It also helps develop their social, emotional, and planning skills.
A structured and predictable environment can help the child with inconsistency and impulsivity. Keeping the child away from distractions can also help, as they are susceptible to distractions. With proper treatments, children learn self-control by getting better at managing their attention, behaviour, and emotions.